References:

1.World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Final Report of the WIPO Internet Domain Name Process, April 30, 1999,
available at http://wipo2.wipo.int/process1/report/finalreport.html#II. (visited on 8 October 2000)
2.Matthias W. Stecher, Webvertising: Unfair Competition and Trademarks on the Internet, Kluwer Law International, 1999
3.J Thomas McCarthy, Domain Names and Trade Marks, (1998) 9 Australian Intellectual Property Journal 53
4.Clive Gringras, The Laws of the Internet, Butterworths, 1997
5.A Michael Froomkin, A Commentary on WIPO's The Management of Internet Names and Addresses: Intellectual Property Issues, available at http://www.law.miami.edu/~amf/commentary.htm (visited on 2 October 2000)
6.Davis, III, G. Gervaise, Internet Domain Names and Trademarks: Recent Development in Domestic and International Disputes, 21 Comm/Ent No. 3, Spring 1999.
7.Milton Mueller, Technology and Institutional Innovation: Internet Domain Names, International Journal of Communications Law and Policy, Issue 5, Summer 2000, available at http://www.ijclp.org/5_2000/ijclp_webdoc_1_5_2000.html (visited on 25 Augest, 2000).
8.Julianne Ross Davis, Protecting your trademark on the internet, Federal Lawyer, July 2000
9.Diane Cabell, Esq. Foreign Domain Name Disputes 2000, The Computer & Internet Lawyer, October, 2000
10.Richard J. Greenstone, Overview of Internet Domain Name Law: Trademark Registration and Litigation Issues, available at http://www.rjg.com/basf.html (visited on 18 September)
11.Chad de Souza, Specific Remedies for Cybersquatting, (2000) 3(4)(5) Internet Law Bulletin 49, 65
12.Michael V. LiRocchi, Stphen J. Kepler & Robert C. O’Brien, Trademarks and Internet domain names in the digital millennium, UCLA Journal of International Law and Foreign Affairs, Fall/Winter 1999-2000
13.Robert L. Tucher, Information Superhighway Robbery: The Tortious Misuse of Links, Frames, Metatags and Domain Names, 4 Virginia Journal of Law and Technology 8 (Fall 1999)
14.Judge Li Dongtao, Dongtao on Law: First Domain Name Case Go to Trial, China Computerworld, 30 June 1999 at http://www.computerworld.com.cn/99/law/e990630_01.html (visited on 25 Augest 2000)
15.Gayle Weiswasser, Domain Names, the Internet, and Trademarks: Infringement in Cyberspace, (1997) 13 Santa Clara Computer & High Tech. L. J. 137
16.Lewis C. Lee & J. Scott Davidson, Intellectual Property for the Internet, Wiley Law Publications, 1997
17.Adam Chase, A Primer on Recent Domain Name Disputes, 3 Virginia Journal of Law and Technology 3 (Spring 1998)
18.George A. Wowk, Remedies in Domain Name Disputes: A Canadian Perspective, available at http://www.intelproplaw.com/Articles/IP/2.shtml (visited on 2 October 2000)
19.Christopher S. Lee, The Development of Arbitration in the Resolution of Internet Domain Name Disputes, The Richmond Journal of Law & Technology, Volume VII, Issue 1, Fall 2000

Footnotes:

1 Robert E. Kahn and Vint Cerf, What is the Internet (and What Makes It Work), Internet Policy Institute, December 1999. Re-recited from Wireless Internet: The Need for Openness and Interoperability in the Development of Wireless Computing Standards, Global Internet Project, March 2000, available at http://www.gip.org/publications/papers/gipwireless.asp. (visited on 2 October 2000)

2 Global Internet Project, Internet Foundations: Breaking Technology Bottlenecks, Aug 29, 1998, available at http://www.gip.org/publications/papers/gip10.asp. (visited on 2 October 2000)

3 Statistics from Netnames Ltd., at http://www.netnames.com. (visited on 26 September 2000)

4 Milton Mueller, Technology and Institutional Innovation: Internet Domain Names, International Journal of Communications Law and Policy, Issue 5, Summer 2000, available at http://www.ijclp.org/5_2000/ijclp_webdoc_1_5_2000.html (visited on 25 Augest, 2000).

5 World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Final Report of the WIPO Internet Domain Name Process (hereinafter ?I>Final Report?/I>), April 30, 1999, para 9, available at http://wipo2.wipo.int/process1/report/finalreport.html#II. (visited on 8 October 2000)

6 After ICANN was established, some disputes have been taken before dispute resolution providers approved by ICANN. This will be discussed in part three.

7 141 F.3d 1316 (9th Cir. 1998)

8 947 F.Supp. 1227, 40 U.S.P.Q.2d 1412 (N.D. Ill. 1996)

9 Marks & Spencer and others v. One In A Million and others, High Court of Justice, Chancery Div. 28 November 1997

10 1996 H 5453 (1996) (Chancery Division of the High Court)

11 141 F.3d 1316 (9th Cir. 1998)

12 Panavision Int’l L.P. v. Toeppen, 141 F.3d 1316, 46 U.S.P.Q.2d 1511 (9th Cir. 1998).

13 Court File No. T-1839-98, Federal Court of Canada, 26 April 1999.

14 Sapeso and Atlantel v. Icare and Reve, Tribunal de Grande Instance de Bordeaux, 22 July 1996.

15 Advernet, S.L v. Ozucom, S.L., Bilbao No. 13, 30 December 1997 (Spain)

16 Judge Li Dongtao, Dongtao on Law: First Domain Name Case Go to Trial, China Computerworld, 30 June 1999 at http://www.computerworld.com.cn/99/law/e990630_01.html (visited on 25 Augest 2000)

17 1999 WL 635767 (9th Cir. 1999)

18 Affair Alice, Tribunal de grande instance de Paris - 12 March 1998

19 40 U.S.P.Q. 2d (BNA) 1479 (W.D.Wash. 1996)

20 1997 WL 133313 (S.D.N.Y. 1997)

21 993 F. Supp. 282 (D.N.J.1998)

22 29 F. Supp. 2d 1161, 1162 (C.D. Cal.1998)

23 Landgericht Mannheim, 7 O 529/97 (Brockhaus.de); OLG Karlsruhe, June 24, 1998; ZUM 1998 944, 944 (zwilling.de).

24 LG Hamburg, March 25, 1998; CR 1999 47, 47 (eltern.de).

25 S.A.Tractebel vs. Mr. P. Le Clerq, Capricom Inc. and Network Solutions, Inc., Commercial Court of Brussels (11 June 1997) R.G. 2903/97, Computerrecht, 1997.

26 Affair Pacanet, Tribunal de Grande Instance de Draguignan, 8 April 1998.

27 Affair Altavista, Tribunal de Commerce de Paris, 28 January 2000.

28 LG Düsseldorf, April 4, 1997; CR 1998 165, 167 (epson.de).

29 LG Düsseldorf, April 4, 1997; CR 1998 165, 167 (epson.de).

30 LG Braunschweig, August 5, 1997; CR 1998 364, 365 (deta.com).

31 See Panavision v. Toeppen, 141 F.3d 1316 (9th Cir. 1998) and Intermatic, Inc. v. Toeppen, 947 F.Supp. 1227, 40 U.S.P.Q.2d 1412 (N.D. Ill. 1996)

32 Marks & Spencer and others v. One In A Million and others, (High Court of Justice, Chancery Div. 11/28/1997)

33 No. 96-413-A (E.D. Va. complaint filed on March 26, 1996, dismissed on June 21, 1996)

34 WIPO, Final Report

35 Affair Lafayette, Tribunal de Grand Instance de Paris, 25 May 1999.

36 Affair Champagne Céçç÷ç÷÷æréçç÷ç÷÷æales, Tribunal de grande instance de Versaille, 14 April 1998.

37 President District Court Amsterdam, May 15, 1997, RvdW193

38 (1995), 61 C.P.R. 334 (P.E.I. Supr. Ct.)

39 S.A.Tractebel vs. Mr. P. Le Clerq, Capricom Inc. and Network Solutions, Inc., Commercial Court of Brussels (11 June 1997) R.G. 2903/97, Computerrecht, 1997.

40 Commune de Saint-Tropez c. Eurovirtuel, Quadra Communication et Nova Déçç÷ç÷÷æveloppement, Tribunal de Grande Instance de Draguignan, 1ère ch. civile, 21 August 1997.

41 Affair Elancourt, Cour D’Appel de Versailles, 29 March 2000. The disputed URL is www.chez.com/elancourt.

42 Affair Lafayette, Tribunal de Grand Instance de Paris, 25 May 1999.

43 LG Mannheim, 03/08/1996, 7 O 60/96.

44 Der Stadt Braunschweig v. Herrn, LG Braunschweig, 01/28/1997, 9 O 50/96.

45 Der Stadt Kerpe, LG Köln, 12/17/1996, 3 O 477/96, Der Stadt Hürth, LG Köln, 12/17/1996, 3 O 478/96, Der Stadt Pulheim, 12/17/1996, 3 O 507/96.

46 Firm Accused of Net Name Piracy, BBC News, 26 January 2000 at http://news2.thls.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/uk/scotland/newsid_619000/619312.stm (visited on Augest 28, 2000)

47 See Sohu News at http://sports.sohu.com/20000921/file/0000,012,100153.html (visited on 21 September 2000)

48 See Roberts v. Boyd, WIPO, Case No. D2000-0210, 5/29/00 (5 ECLR 616, 6/7/00), and Ciccone p/k/a Madonna v. Parisi, WIPO, Case No. D2000-0847, 10/12/00

49 See Sumner p/k/a Sting v. Urvan, WIPO, Case No. D2000-0596, 7/24/00

50 A. Michael Froomkin, A Commentary on WIPO's The Management of Internet Names and Addresses: Intellectual Property Issues, available at http://www.law.miami.edu/~amf/commentary.htm(visited on 2 October 2000)

51 WIPO, Second WIPO Internet Domain Name Process, available at http://wipo2.wipo.int/process2 (visited on 5 October 2000)

52 Ibid.

53 Affair Alice, Tribunal de grande instance de Paris - 12 March 1998

54 Affaire Mutuelles du Mans, Tribunal de Grand Instance de Paris, 23 September 1999

55 Defendant with the surname "shell" was to relinquish the related domain name. See OLG München, March 25, 1999, (shell.de); Same in OLG Hamm, January 13, 1998; CR 1998 241 (krupp.de).

56 Pitman Training Ltd. v. Nominet UK [1997] F.S.R. 797

57 Prince plc v. Prince Sports Group Inc., CH 1997 -- P No. 2355

58 1997 WL 253246 (S.D.N.Y. 1997)

59 WIPO, Final Report, para 125

60 WIPO, Final Report, para 128

61 Australian Competition & Consumer Commission v Internic Technology Pty Ltd & Anor, [1998] 818 FCA (14 July 1998)

62 The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission

63 Perkins Coie LLP.The Internet Case Digest, available at http://www.perkinscoie.com/casedigest/icd_results.cfm?keyword1=domain name&topic=Domain Names. (visited 22 Augest 2000)

64 1999 U.S. Dist. Lexus 6552 (ED Va April 9, 1999)

65 Joanna Glasner, AOL Loses Brazil Ruling, Wired News, 27 May 1999 at http://www.wired.com/news/news/slashdot/politics/story/19918.html (visited 22 Augest 2000)

66 LG Düsseldorf, April 4, 1997; CR 1998 165, 167 (epson.de).

67 Affair Agaphone, Tribunal de Grand Instance de Paris, 13 November 1998

68 The Interim Provisions on Website Name Registration, available at http://www.hd315.gov.cn/badj/badj.htm (visited on 5 September 2000)

69 See Sohu News at http://news.sohu.com/20000818/file/0969,004,100241.html (visited 18 Augest 2000)

70 See Patent and Trademark Office, Trademark Registration of Internet Domain Names (EXAMINATION GUIDE NO. 2-99 ), available at http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/tac/notices/guide299.htm (visited on 5 October 2000)

71 China Internet Network Information Center

72 See Sohu News at http://news.sohu.com/20001023/file/0002,004,100865.html (visited on 23 October 2000)

73 It is an independent non-profit organization set up by four NICs around the Taiwan Strait, who are CNNIC (mainland China), TWNIC (Taiwan), HKNIC (HongKong) and MONIC (Mocau). Its homepage is at http://www.cdnc.org.

74 See Sohu News at http://news.sohu.com/20001102/file/0936,004,100340.html (visited on 2 November 2000)

75 See Sohu News at http://news.sohu.com/20001102/file/0936,004,100303.html (visited on 2 November 2000)

76 See NSI announcement at http://www.nsol.com/news/2000/pr_20000824.html (visited 28 Augest 2000)

77 See NSI announcement at http://www.nsol.com/news/2000/pr_20001031.html (visited on 2 November 2000)

78 However, it is worthy noting that some non-English language TLDs are coming into being, such as above-mentioned .zhongguo (China), .gongsi (company) and .wangluo (net). Are they new TLDs or only Chinese translation of .cn, .com and .net? Actually they are new TLDs.

79 The Green Paper and relevant comments are available at http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/domainname/domainname130.htm (visited on 5 October 2000)

80 It is available at http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/domainname/6_5_98dns.htm (visited on 5 October 2000)

81 The Agreement was extended for up to one year. ICANN announcement is available at http://www.icann.org/announcements/icann-pr04sep00.htm (visited on 5 October 2000). No one knows what will happen after one year.

82 WIPO, Request for Comments (RFC-2), para 12.

83 It was issued on 30 April 1999.

84 They are all accredicted by ICANN. So far 62 companies all over the world were accredited as registrars. The List of Accredited and Accreditation-Qualified Registrars is available at http://www.icann.org/registrars/accredited-list.html (visited on 5 October 2000).

85 See ICANN, Approved Providers for Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy, at http://www.icann.org/udrp/approved-providers.htm (visited on 5 October 2000